Direct and Indirect Speech

 

 Simple Present -> Simple Past  :

Active    : The article discusses the effects of unemployment.

Passive : The effects of unemployment are discussed in the article.

Simple Past -> Past Perfect :

Active    :  A The company made a huge profit.

Passive  :  A huge profit was made by the company.

Present Perfect -> Past Perfect  :

Active    : The class has decided that everyone should get an "A."

Passive  :  It has been decided by the class that everyone should get an "A."

Question YES/NO  :

Active    : Have you seen Tom recently?

Passive   : He wanted to know if I had seen Tom recently.

Question WH  :

Active     : What did the kids eat?

Passive    : He wondered what the kids had eaten.

http://quizlet.com/2962275/reported-speech-yesno-questions-parctice-flash-cards/

http://quizlet.com/3271892/reported-speech-wh-questions-flash-cards/

Tugas B. Inggris Aktif Pasif

Kalimat Aktif Pasif

Simpe Present Tense

Aktif     : Siti Zuleha reads a biology book. (Siti Juleha membaca sebuah buku biologi)

               Pasif      : A biology book is read by Siti Zuleha. (Sebuah buku biologi dibaca oleh Siti Zuleha)

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/05/kalimat-pasif-simple-present-tense.html

Simple Past Tense

Aktif     : He wrote the letter.

Pasif     : The letter was written by him.

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/06/normal-0-false-false-false.html

Simple Future Tense

Aktif   : They will buy a car.

Pasif    : A car will be bought by them.

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/06/kalimat-pasif-simple-future-tense.html

Present Continuous Tense

Aktif     : She is reading the English book.

Pasif     : The book is being read by her.

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/06/kalimat-pasif-present-continuous-tense.html

Simple Perfect Tense

Aktif   : I have eaten the cake.

Pasif    : The cake has been eaten by me.

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/06/kalimat-pasif-present-perfect-tense.html

Resume bahasa Inggris

1. Basic Modals

Modal auxiliary verbs are used to moderate the main verb, that is to enhance or restrict the verb to a certain context.

The most common modal auxiliaries in English are:

can

could    

may

should 

might

will        

must

would

Example:

 We use can to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something :

I can pay my taxes.

 We use might to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something :

I might pay my taxes.

2. Noun Clauses

See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also calledsubordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.

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A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

---

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

that

if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

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D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

---

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

---

F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

---

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don’t know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23

  

   

3. CONJUNCTIONS

In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.).
Many students are taught that certain conjunctions (such as "and", "but", and "so") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style state that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation"

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("I would go, only I don't have time").
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:

• For presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.").
• And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.").
• Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble nor do they smoke.").
• But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.").
• Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble or they smoke.").
• Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.").
• So presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.").

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:

1. either...or
2. not only...but (also)
3. neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)  
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_%28grammar%29
   
   
   Adjective clause

   Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.

   An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

   §  First, it will contain a subject and verb.

   §  Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

   §  Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? orWhich one?

   The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

   relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb

   relative pronoun as subject + verb

   Here are some examples:

   Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie

   Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.

   Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie

   Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

   That bounced across the kitchen floor

   That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.

   Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward

   Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.

   Avoid writing a sentence fragment.

   An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as asentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each adjective clause to a main clause. Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clause follows the word that it describes.

   Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.

   Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.

   Growling ferociously, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.

   Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

   Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.

   Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.

   Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:

   The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious.

   Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.

   If, however, we eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:

   
   

    
   
4. Adverb Clause
   Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
   Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan “arti/maksud” dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
   Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
   1. Clause of Time
   Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
   Contoh:
   • Shut the door before you go out.
   • You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
   • While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
   • By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
   • No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
   2. Clause of Place
   Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
   Contoh:
   • They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
   • The guard stood where he was positioned.
   • Where there is a will, there is a way.
   • Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
   • Go where you like.
   3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
   Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
   Contoh:
   • As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
   • Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
   • Although it is late, we’ll stay a little longer.
   • He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
   4. Clause of Manner
   Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
   Contoh:
   • He did as I told him.
   • You may finish it how you like.
   • They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
   5. Clause of Purpose and Result
   Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
   Contoh:
   • They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
   • She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
   • He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
   • I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
   6. Clause of Cause and Effect
   Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
   Contoh:
   • Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
   • It was so cold yesterday that I didn’t want to swim.
   • The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
   • The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
   Contoh:
   • The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
   • I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one.
   Contoh:
   • He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
   • The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
   Contoh:
   • It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
   • It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.
   Contoh:
   • She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
   • They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
   • Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble.
   • This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
   ________________________________________
   Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
   1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
   Contoh:
   • Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
   • Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
   • Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
   2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
   Contoh:
   • Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
   • Since he’s not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
   • As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
   • Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
   3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
   Contoh:
   • Alex failed the test because he didn’t study.
   • Alex didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
   • Alex didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the test.
   ________________________________________
   Catatan:
   ________________________________________
   Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
   1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
   Contoh:
   a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
   b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
   2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
   Contoh:
   a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
   b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
   Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
   Contoh:
   1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
   • While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
   • While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
   • Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
   2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
   • While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
   • While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
   7. Clause of Condition
   Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
   Contoh:
   • If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
   • She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
   • Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
   • In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
   • The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
   • We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
   
   
   http://sheeniejesuslovemeaprilia.blogspot.com/2011/03/pengertian-adverb-clause.html

   Tipe Adverbial Clause	Conjunction	Contoh Adverbial Clause dalam Kalimat
   Time (waktu)	after, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, by the time, during, everytime, no, once, since, then, till, until, when, whenever, while	After I changed the APN name, I unpluged my modem and waited for 5 minutes. (Setelah saya merubah nama APN, saya mencabut modem dan menunggu selama 5 menit.)
   		When he was cleaning the kitchen, he found so much expired food. (Ketika dia sedang membersihkan dapur, dia menemukan begitu banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)
   		While I was studying in my room, I didn’t let someone else to disturb. (Ketika saya sedang belajar di ruangan, saya tidak membiarkan orang lain mengganggu.)
   Place (tempat)	anywhere, everywhere, now where, where, wherever	I will visit a city where my old friend lives now. (Saya akan mengunjungi kota dimana teman lama saya tinggal sekarang.)
   Contrast (pertentangan)	although, as the time, but, even if, even though, on the other hand, still, though, whereas, while, yet	Although many friends confronted her ambition, Yulia went forward such a tank. (Meskipun banyak teman menentang ambisinya, Yulia maju terus seperti tank)
   		Though I’m annoyed, I try to think positively. (Meskipun saya jengkel, saya mencoba untuk berpikir positif.)
   Cause & Effect (Sebab Akibat)	as, as long as, because, due to the fact that, how, inasmuch as, since, so..that, such..that, that	Because she had free time during last holiday, she rearranged her house. (Karena dia punya waktu luang selama liburan lalu, dia menata ulang rumahnya.)
   Reason (tujuan)	in case, in order that, in the hope that, least, so that, to the end that	The woman cooks by herself in order that her family gets the best nutrition. (Wanita itu memasak sendiri dengan tujuan keluarganya mendapatkan gizi terbaik.)
   		Rian drove fast so that he could arrived on time. (Rian mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.)
   Condition (syarat)	as long as/in so far as, even if, if, if..not, in case (that), in the event that, on condition that, only if, otherwise, provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing that, unless, whether or not	I’ll come to the party only if you accompany me. (Saya akan datang ke pesta hanya jika kamu menemani.)
   		As long as you follow the traffic regulation, you won’t be ticketed. (Jika kamu menikuti peraturan lalu lintas, kamu tidak akan ditilang.)
   		Unless the TV viewers gave her donations, she would not be able to buy gold, rice field, and house . (Jika pemirsa TV tidak memberikan dia sumbangan, dia tidak akan dapat membeli emas, sawah, dan rumah.)
   		Do not forget to bring your boots, otherwise your feets will probably blister. (Jangan lupa untuk membawa sepatu bot-mu, jika tidak kakimu mungkin akan lecet.)
   Manner (cara)	as, how, in that, the way	I wonder how I learn grammar uneffectively for almost fifteen years. (Saya membayangkan bagaimana saya mempelajari grammar dengan tidak efektif selama hampir lima belas tahun.)
   		We sometimes do not realize the way God help us. (Kita kadang tidak menyadari cara Tuhan menolong kita.)

   
   
   
   
    

5.The Adjective Clause

1. Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.
   An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:
   §  First, it will contain a subject and verb.
   §  Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
   §  Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? orWhich one?
   The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
   relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
   relative pronoun as subject + verb
   Here are some examples:
   Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
   Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
   Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
   Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
   That bounced across the kitchen floor
   That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
   Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward
   Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.
   Avoid writing a sentence fragment.
   An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as asentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each adjective clause to a main clause. Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clause follows the word that it describes.
   Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.
   Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.
   Growling ferociously, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.
   Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.
   Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.
   Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
   Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:
   The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious.
   Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.
   If, however, we eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision: